UNA-ORLANDO - Armenia-Azerbaijan

ARMENIA-AZERBAIJAN

Nagorno-Karabakh, a stretch of forested, low mountains and valleys within Azerbaijan, became an international conflict in 1992. That year’s collapse of the Soviet Union escalated warfare in which Nagorno-Karabakh’s majority Armenian population sought to unite the territory with Armenia. Fighting from 1988 to 1994 killed tens of thousands of people. Armenians took control of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding Azerbaijani farming districts, expelling hundreds of thousands of Azerbaijanis from their ancestral homes. Following a 1994 truce, peace efforts by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe and the United States failed to usher Armenia and Azerbaijan to a resolution of Nagorno-Karabakh and related disputes. Over the next 26 years, Azerbaijan used its ample oil and gas revenues to build up its armed forces. Armed with game-changing aerial drones from its ally, Turkey, Azerbaijan launched an offensive in 2020 that reversed the military advantage in the conflict, seizing the Armenian-occupied districts around Nagorno-Karabakh. This time, tens of thousands of Armenians were displaced. - USIP United States Institute of Peace

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Learning Resources

Ethnicity and Social Identity

Outside Influence

Economic Factors

Learning Resources

Background

The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Visual Explainer

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, explainedThousands of ethnic Armenians have fled the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region ahead of an impending takeover by Azerbaijan.

Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict | Global Conflict TrackerLearn about the world's top hotspots with this interactive Global Conflict Tracker from the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations.

Ethnicity and Social Identity

Nagorno-Karabakh: Country ProfileAccess Freedom House reports on Nagorno-Karabakh, see recent news and perspectives, and learn about our work in the country.

Nagorno-Karabakh profileProvides an overview of Nagorno-Karabakh, including key facts about this territory in the Caucasus.

UNRIC Library Backgrounder: KarabakhKarabakh region backgrounder - Links to UN organizations, relevant documents, reports, speeches and statements, etc...

Outside Influence

Turkish arms sales to Azerbaijan surged before Nagorno-Karabakh fightingTurkey's military exports to its ally Azerbaijan have risen six-fold this year, with sales of drones and other military equipment rising to $77 million last month alone before fighting broke out over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, according to exports data.

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict precipitates a new regional orderDevelopments in the South Caucasus indicate the West is no longer a relevant player in Russia and Turkey’s back yard.

Canada names new Armenia ambassador amid Nagorno-Karabakh tensions - National | Globalnews.caThe news comes as Canada's ambassador to the United Nations, Bob Rae, says Azerbaijan might be undertaking ``ethnic cleansing'' of Armenians in its Nagorno-Karabakh region.

Economic Factors

This section focuses on the trade routes through the region that are valuable to Russia and other outside forces.

EXPLORE OTHER ISSUES

‘It’s a ghost town’: UN arrives in Nagorno-Karabakh to find ethnic Armenians have fled‘What is left for the UN to monitor?’ asks one refugee who crossed the border to escape

Ethnic Cleansing Is Happening in Nagorno-Karabakh. How Can the World Respond?Azerbaijan’s push into the Armenian enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh is drawing comparisons to other episodes of ethnic cleansing. What can be done under international law?

The Violent End of Nagorno-Karabakh’s Fight for IndependenceIn less than a day, indiscriminate shelling in the region killed hundreds, displaced tens of thousands, and wiped out a thirty-five-year battle for political autonomy.

The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict Is a Bad OmenWith the United States shrugging off its erstwhile role as the world’s policeman, can anyone stop the fierce fighting now raging between Armenia and Azerbaijan?

The ceasefire agreement with Azerbaijan comes with great risks for Armenia | Dale Berning SawaWhile Azerbaijanis can rightly celebrate a return to homes they were driven from 30 years ago, Armenian culture is in peril, says writer Dale Berning Sawa

Armenian prime minister accuses military of attempted coupNikol Pashinyan rallies supporters after military calls on him to step down amid anger at Nagorno-Karabakh defeat

Nagorno-Karabakh: Searching for a SolutionAlthough it has long since fallen out of the headlines, the conflict over the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh appears no closer to resolution than when the worst of the fighting ended six years ago. Hotly disputed between Armenians and Azeris, this tiny, barren area in the southern Caucasus region of the former Soviet Union has been the scene of some bitter fighting; though the military clashes have largely ceased, the political battles are as high-pitched as ever.

Robert Kocharian | Biography, Politician, & FactsRobert Kocharian, Armenian politician from the contested region of Nagorno-Karabakh who served as prime minister (1997–98) and president (1998–2008) of Armenia. His policies focused on foreign relations. Domestically, he was accused of corruption. After leaving office, he became a notable government critic.

Four Karabakh leaders held in Azerbaijan, three more reach Armenia - agenciesFour ex-leaders of Azerbaijan's formerly ethnic Armenian-controlled region of Nagorno-Karabakh have been detained by Azerbaijan's State Security Service and taken to the capital Baku, the state-run Azerbaijani Press Agency (APA) reported on Tuesday.

UN pledges humanitarian support as Armenia and Azerbaijan negotiate ‘lasting, peaceful settlement’ over Nagorno-KarabakhThe UN Secretary-General António Guterres welcomed the continuing ceasefire in and around Nagorno-Karabakh on Friday, underlining that the Organization stands ready to provide humanitarian support to meet the needs of all civilians impacted by conflict.

UN team in Nagorno-Karabakh did not see any damage to hospitals, schoolsA United Nations team visiting Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan did not see any damage to civilian infrastructure such as hospitals, schools and housing or to cultural and religious sites, U.N. spokesperson Stephane Dujarric said on Monday.

Nagorno-Karabakh gas explosion leaves at least 20 dead as residents rush to Armenia - National | Globalnews.caAbout 12 per cent of Nagorno Karabakh's population have fled across the border since Azerbaijan's swift military operation to fully reclaim the breakaway region.

A humanitarian disaster is under way in Nagorno-KarabakhAnd Russia may also be destabilising its old ally, Armenia

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